Incredible Keralam !

March 03, 2011

ഓണം ഇന്‍ കേരളം

Kerala onam festivals

Kerala festivals Kerala is a land of colourful festivals, which have a long history and tradition behind them. Kerala's innumerable festivals however stand out because of their uniqueness.

Onam Festival. Onam is the most famous festival of Kerala. All Malayali's irrespective of religion celebrates it. It falls in the Malayalam month of Chingam (Aug-Sept). It is the harvest festival of Kerala. Legend states that Onam is celebrated as the home coming of Mahabali, the king who ruled over Kerala in the age of plenty and was pushed down to the infernal regions (Patala) by Lord Vishnu in the form of Vamana Onam is celebrated as a national festival of Kerala. It synchronizes with the tourist week celebration, which starts formally on the day of Atham asterism. The image of Thrikkakara Appan (Vishnu in the form of Vamana) is installed in every Hindu home during the Onam season. Children go around collecting flowers and decorate them in the front portion of the house in various designs and patterns. The most important days of the Onam festival are Uthradom and Thiruvonam days. On the latter, a grand feast is held in every home. Onam also provides an occasion for family get-together among the Keralites. It's a perfect example for the religious harmony of the state.

vallamkali or (boat rices)

This is a typical keralite festival of boat races. It is held in August in the Punnamada Kayal, which commemorates the visit
of former Prime Minister, Late Jawaharlal Nehru to Alleppey. Similar boat races are held also at Aranmual and Champakulam, which has a religious significance. The later commemorates an episode involving the idol of Sri Krishna, which was lifted from Kurichi by the Chempakasseri Raja's men for consecration in the Ambalapuzha. The idol had to rest in the house of a Syrian Christian at Chempakulam. Therefore, even today the flag and coir rope required for the Chempakulam boat race is supplied from the local Kallurkad Church.
Boat races and processions at Ambalapuzha,in July
- Nehru Trophy boat race in the month of August
- Boat races at Thalavady in Alappuzha, Kumarakom,
- Mannar, Aranmula, and Thiruvandoor near

Hindu Festivals

Vishu

The first month of Malayalam Calendar is Medam (April-May) and the first day of Medam is celebrated as Vishu, the New Year day. Begin an auspicious day; it is a common belief that the fortune of the coming year depends on the first day. So the first day begins with ceremony of Kani Kanal, which literally means first sight. At the dawn, the Malayali's begin the first day of the Year by waking up in front of Kani. The Kani includes gold ornament, white cloth, a measure of rice or paddy, bell metal mirror, flowers of the Konna tree (Cussia fistula), halved jack fruits, halved coconuts, yellow cucumber, and two standing oil lamps emitting sparkling light their eyes. Another interesting features of this day are Kaayi neetal where the elder members in the family gift money to the younger ones.

Mahasivarathri

Hindus celebrate Mahasivarathri, all over the world in Kumbam (Feb-March). It commemorates the day on which Lord Shiva consumed the deadly poison (Kalakuda visham) to save the world from destruction. The offering of special pooja and abhishekhams, and the presentation of cultural programmes in all the Shiva temples celebrate the day. The annual Sivarathri festival held on the banks of River Periyar at Alwaye, is one of the most spectacular local festivals of Kerala, which attracts thousands of pilgrims from all over the state. It has been compared to the Kumbamela at Prayag.

Navarathri

Literally Navarathri means Nine nights. This festival is celebrated for Navagraha Naayagi (Nine nymphs). It is called by different names in different parts of India. In Karnataka, it is called Dasara, in Bengal - Kali Pooja and in this state it is known as Saraswathy Pooja. Saraswathy is known as goddess of Knowledge. On this day all tools and books are kept for Pooja. Children who are to begin their schooling are made to write the first alphabet in rice with their finger.

Asthami Rohini

The birthday of Lord Krishna is celebrated with great importance on this day. It is held in the month of Chingam (Aug- Sept). Devotees visit the Krishna temples where special Pooja and cultural programmes are held.

Thrikarthiaka

This festival is celebrated in the month of Vrischikam (Nov -Dec). Display of light in the evening is a unique part of the festival.

Thiruvathira

Thiruvathira falls on the month of Dhanu (December-January) and is a women's festival. It commemorates the death of Kamadeva, the cupid of Hindu mythology. The aim of the celebration is conjugal harmony and happiness. The dance form Thiruvathirkkali is associated with this celebration.

Pooram Festival - Meenum (March-April)
Sabarimala Festivals - Vrishikam (November-December)
Ashtami at Vaikom - Kumbham (February-March)

Thrissur Pooram - Medam (April-May)

Christian Religious Festival
Christmas

All Christians celebrate Christmas as the birthday of Jesus Christ on 25th Dec. Holy Mass is held in all the churches in the state. Carol singing, setting up of Christmas tree in all churches and homes, exchanges of cards and receiving gifts from Santa Claus are all integral part of the festivities associated with the birth of Jesus Christ. There is a feast in every Christian home with meat as a special item, and the celebrations of Christmas leave good memories in every heart.

Easter

This is another important festival of Christians, which commemorates the resurrection of Jesus Christ. Easter usually falls in March-April, after 40 days lent of fast and penance. Christians go for mid-night mass, as a memory of the resurrection of Jesus, 2000 years ago.

Other Christian Festivals
St.George's Church, Edathwa - 27 April to 7th May
St.Sebastian's Church, Arathungal - 20th January to 31st January
St George's Church, Aruvithura - 22nd to 24th April
St Thomas Shrine, Malayattur - Last week of March or first week of April
St Mary's Orthodox Church, Manarcad - Sepember 1st to 9th
Parumala, Mannar
Maramon Convention

Muslim Religious festivals

Bakrid

The Bakrid commemorates Ibrahim's (Abhraham) offering of his only son as a sacrifice in obedience to God's command. The Muslims enjoy hearty feasts on Bakrid day. The rich may sacrifice a he goat or a bullock and distribute it among Frieds, relatives and the poor. The famous Haj is performed after the celebration of Idul Azha.

Idul Fitr

Idul Fitr is celebrated after the conclusion of the Ramzan fast when Muslims give up all kind of food and drink during the day and spend the major part of the night prayer.

Miladi Sharif

Miladi Sharif, celebrated on a large scale in April, Commemorates the birth of the prophet. This celebration has acquired its present dimensions only in recent times. Previously the day was observed by the Muslims by reading what is commonly known as Maulud which is a short treatise in Arabic celebrating the birth, life, work and sayings of the prophet or some saint.

Muharram

Muharram is another festival celebrated by Muslims on the 10th day of Muharram the forbidden month, which marks the beginning of the Hijra year.

Chandankudam at Beemapally

The Chandankudam at Beemapally near Thiruvananthapuram is one of the most colourful of Muslim festival in Kerala. It is said to be the death anniversary of Beema Beeevi, a devout pilgrim lady who came to Kerala from Mecca. The festival begins on the 1st of Jamadul Akhar of the Hijira Era (October) and lasts ten days. Carrying earthen posts smeared with sandal wood paste and the mouth of the pot tightly closed with a Jasmine garland around the edges, thousands of pilgrims go around the mosque and the hallowed tomb of the devout lady in procession. Then the earthen port with money is placed at the tomb as an offering.

Local Festivals

Jarram Nercha - Thervath Mosque, Pallanchathanur
Nercha Festival - Ottapalam Mosque
Jarram Nercha - Theruvath Mosque
Malappuram Nercha - Malappuram Mosque
Kodikuthu Festival - Kanjiramattom Mosque
Chandanakkudam Festival- Beemapalli, Thiruvananthapuram

Alleppey (Allaphuzha) - Boat races

- Boat races and processions at Ambalapuzha,in July
- Nehru Trophy boat race in the month of August
- Boat races at Thalavady in Alappuzha, Kumarakom,
- Mannar, Aranmula, and Thiruvandoor near
- Chengannur during Onam festival in Septmeber
- Sivagiri Festival at Varkala ,in the month of Decemeber
- St.George's Church festival in Edathwa from 27 April to 7th May
- St.Sebastian's Churchin, Arathungal from 20th January to 31st January

Ernakulam (Cochin)

- Utram festival at Tripunithura in the month of February
- Sivarathri Festival at Aluva Manappuram in the month of February
- Sankaracharaya Jayanthy in the month of May at Kalady
- St. George Ferona Church Festival at Edappally, in the month of May
- Ashtami at Vaikom in November
- St Thomas Shrine festival at Malayattur in March / April
- Kodikuthu Festival at Kanjiramattom Mosque 25 km from Kochi

Kottayam

- St George's Church festival in Aruvithura in the month of April
- St Mary's Orthodox Church at Manarcad in the month of September

Malappuram

- Malappuram Nercha in Malappuram Mosque

Palakkad (Palghat)

- Nercha Festival in Ottapalam Mosque

Pathanamthitta

- Makara Vilakku Festival at Sabarimala Temple in January
- Pathishtadinam.at Sabarimala in the month of June
- Ochirakali - A festival of martial Arts at Ochira in June
- Madalam Festival at Sabarimala Temple in November
- Madala Pooja at Sabarimala Temple in December
- Annual Parumala Perunnal at Parumala Church, 11 km from Thiruvalla
- Maramon Convention in Maramon- Asia's largest Christian gathering,
in the month of February.

Thrissur (Trichur)

- The Elephant march in the month of January
- Kodiyettu at Guruvayoor in March
- Ashtami Festival & Elephant races at Krishna Temple at Guruvayoor in March
- Thrissur Pooram at Trissur in April
- Arattupuzha Pooram at Arattupuzha Temple in the month of April
- Krishna Jayanthi at Guruvayoor in October
- Ekadasi festival at Guruvayoor in December

Thiruvananthapuram (Trivandrum)
- The Elephant march in the month of January
- Onam Tourism week in the month of August -Septembert
- Mahanavami - Dance & Music Festival in the month of October
- Chandanakkudam Festival in Beemapalli

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ഓണം ഇന്‍ കേരളം

March 02, 2011

Thrissur - My own District - ജനറല്‍ ഇന്‍ഫര്‍മേഷന്‍ !!

TOPGEOGRAPHY AND CLIMATE

Area and population: It is bounded on the north by Palakkad district, on the east by Palakkad district and Coimbatore district of Tamil Nadu, on the south by Ernakulam and Idukki districts, and on the west by the Arabian Sea. The area of the district is 3032 sq. km., while the population is 2,975,440 according to 2001 census.

Natural Divisions: Descending from the heights of the Western Ghats in the east, the land slopes towards the west forming three distinct natural divisions - the highlands, the plains and the sea board

River System: The Periyar, the Chalakudy, the Karuvannur, and the Ponnani (Bharatha Puzha) are the main river systems in the district. They take their origin from the mountains on the east, and flow westward and discharge into the Arabian Sea. There are a number of tributaries also joining these main rivers.

Climate

The district has a tropical humid climate with an oppressive hot season and plentiful and seasonal rainfall. The hot season from March to May is followed by the South West Monsoon season from June to September. The period from December to February is the North East Monsoon season, although the rain stop by the end of December and the rest of the period is generally dry.

FLORA AND FAUNA

The mountain ranges with thick evergreen forests afford ideal abode for various animals and game including diverse birds while the middle country with hills and low plateau, mostly cleared for cultivation and human habitation, still affords shelter and food for many of the smaller mammals, birds and reptiles and also many lower animals of diverse groups. The lowlands of the extreme west, bordering the coastline are dotted with backwaters and estuaries of rivers, all connected by an interesting system of canals forming a continuous waterway. Its waters abound in fish and afford feeding ground for many water birds, local and migrant, while the plains have rich fauna representing all groups. Among the mammals the Primates are represented by the langurs and monkeys. Coconut palm and paddy are mainly cultivated in the lowlands.

PEOPLE

The total population of Thrissur district according to the census of 2001 is 2,975,440 of whom 1,422,047 are men and 1,553,393 are women. Hindus constitute the bulk of the population of this district. Other communities are Christians and Muslims. The Konkani Brahmins are another immigrant caste and they are found mainly in Cranganore and Mukundapuram taluks.

The Nairs who till recently followed the Marumakkathayam family system constitute the most important section among the Hindus of Thrissur. Now a vast majority of them have taken to agriculture while others have been absorbed in Government service and other professions. Till a few decades ago, the Nairs were divided into several sub-castes and inter-dining and inter-marriages were not permitted among them. The Nairs attached to Namboodiri and Kshatriya houses for certain domestic and religious services were called Illathu Nairs and Swarupattil Nairs respectively. Charna Nairs, Pallichans, Vattekadans, Odathu Nairs, Auduru Nairs and Attikurussi Nairs are other Nair subdivisions. Every Nair had a title affixed to his name. Achan, Kartha, Kaimal and Mannadiar were some of the titles of nobility conferred on the Nairs by the Rajas of Cochin while Panikkar and Kurup were the titles of those who maintained Kalaries as their hereditary profession. Menon was the title conferred on the Nairs who followed a literacy career. When the country underwent tremendous changes, strict observations of caste rules fell into disuse.

The Samanthans, though very few in number in the district, are said to have sprung from the union of Kshatriya men with Nair women. They have marumakkathayis. The Ezhavas who follow Makkathayam are numerically one of the strongest communities in Thrissur. They have attained important positions as merchants, landowners and cultivators. A good number of them have also taken to learned professions. Velythedans, Velakkattalavans and Chaliyans are hereditary washermen, barbers and weavers respectively. Ezhuthachans otherwise known as Kadupottans who follow the patriarchal system of inheritance are supposed to be the descendants of Pattar Brahmins. They are hereditary village school masters. The Valans, Arayans and Mukkuvas are fishermen mostly living in the coastal areas of Thrissur district. Besides, there are a number of other castes like the Mannans, Velans, Pulluvans and Pattilans in the district.

Another section among the Hindus is the Kammalas who are divided into carpenters, masons, braziers, blacksmiths, goldsmiths etc. As their service is essential, they are till engaged in their traditional occupations. But in recent years a sizable section of them have taken to modern education and steady progress. The Devanga Chettis and Kaikolans are weaving castes found in Mukundapuram taluk. They immigrated into the district from Mysore and Coimbatore respectively. The Vaniyans Kudumis, Pandithans, Kallans, Pandarams, Ambattans, Vannans, Chakkiliyans and Kusavan are also immigrant castes. The Vaniyans wear the sacred thread and resemble Konkani Brahmins. The Pandarams are engaged in making Pappadam, the favourite crisp cake of the Malayalees. Ambattans are Tamil barbers and Vannans are Tamil washermen.

The Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes form a significant section among the Hindus of the district. The former are mainly agricultural labourers and are found in all the Taluks. The Scheduled Tribes of the district are the Kadar, the Malayar and the Mathuvans. The Kadar of the area belong to two clans, the Anamala Kadar living at Parambikulam and West Kadar living at Adirappilli. The Malayar and Kadar are nomadic people.

Christians form the second largest community in the district. It is strange that Cranganore where the Gospel of Christ is believed to have been first preached in India should have the lowest proportion of Christians among the taluks of the district. The earliest Church in the district was a Nestorian branch of the Asiatic Church presided over by Bishops usually ordained in Persia. The early Christians were known as Syrian Christians. The Syrians Catholics, Latin Catholics, Jacobites, the Reformed Syrians and Protestants are some of the main sections of the Christian Community in the district . In Thrissur and its neighbourhood there is a small community of Christians known as Chaldeans.

The Christians have a predominant place in the social and economic life of the district. Trade and agriculture are the chief occupations of the community. There have been several survivals of Hindu customs among the Christians such as caste prejudice, belief in astrology, omens, witchcraft and charms, the tying of the tali as part of the marriage ceremony and its removal on the death of the husband, the performance of Sradha or the annual ceremony for the soul of the dead etc.

Muslims form the third major community in the district. A majority of them are found in Chavakkad and Kodungalloor taluks. Most of them are Sunnis. Some of the Muslims are cultivators or traders, while the majority are boatmen, fishermen and labourers of every description.

CUSTOMS AND RITUALS

Serpent (naga) worship and ancestor worship, evidently non-Aryan practices, have been widely prevalent in the district. The temples here are centres of religious activity. The Vadakkunnathan Temple at Thrissur, Koodalmanikam temple at Irinjalakuda, the Kurumba Bhagavathi temple at Kodungalloor, the Sri Rama Temple at Triprayar, the Sri Krishna Temple at Guruvayoor are some of the reputed shrines. The prominent Gods and Goddesses worshipped are Vishnu, Siva, Bhagavathi, Siva, Bhagavathi, Subramonia and Sastha.

Fasting is a significant form of religious observance. It is observed on Shashti, Ekadasi, Pradosham, Full Moon and New Moon days. On Shashti viz. the sixth day of the fortnight, fast is observed by those who wish for issue. Ekadasi is sacred to Vishnu and Pradosham to Siva. Fast in honour of the Goddess Parvathi is observed on Full Moon days. The observance of festivals is an important aspect of religious activities. Here special mention may be made of the three major festivals of the Malayalees viz. Onam, Vishu and Tiruvathira. Among the ceremonies still current may be mentioned Namakaranam, Chorunu, Vidyarambham, Upanayanam and Sradha.

The laws of inheritance prevalent in the district have been the makkathayam (Patrilineal) and Marumakkathayam (Matrilineal system). Marumakkathayam is the dominant one which most of the people were in allegiance. The Ambalavasis, the Kshatriyas, Samantans, Velekkattavans, Veluthedans and a few other castes have followed the Marumakkathayam system in the district. Among the communities that have followed the Makkathayam system may be mentioned the Namboothiris, Ezhavas, Kammalas, Kanakkans, Cherumans, Tanda Pulayans, Vettuvas, Ezhuthachans, Kanisans, Panans, Perumannans, Mannans, Velas, Velans, Arayans, Amukuvans, Mukkuvans, Marakkans and all the hill tribes. The Christians and Muslims also have been Makkathayis.

THRISSUR POORAM

The famous Thrissur Pooram is an annual festival celebrated during April-May in the Vadakkumnathan temple here. During the festival idols of Gods and Goddesses from various temples are brought in all pomp and pagentry with the play of drums and musical instruments and pro-technics to the Thekkinkadu Maaidan. Lakhs of people attend the festival every year. An all India Exhibition is also conducted every year during the Pooram days under the combined auspices of the Thiruvampady and Paramekkavu Devaswoms at the temple premises.ഫോര്‍ മോര്‍ ഇന്‍ഫര്‍മേഷന്‍ ക്ലിക്ക് ഹിയര്‍

കടപ്പാട് : http://www.tsr.kerala.gov.in

Thrissur pronunciation (help·info) (Malayalam: തൃശൂര്‍) previously known as Trichur, is a city in the Indian state of Kerala. It is the headquarters of the Thrissur District.^[1] Thrissur city is built around a 65-acre (26 ha) hillock called the Thekkinkadu Maidan which seats the Vadakkumnathan temple. Thrissur is the 5th most populous city in Kerala by population^[2] and the second-largest city corporation by area in the state.^[3] It is located about 290 kilometres (180 mi) north of the state capital Thiruvananthapuram and 80 kilometres (50 mi) north of the major port city of Kochi.^[2]^[4]

Thrissur is also known as the Cultural Capital of Kerala because of its cultural, spiritual and religious leanings towards history.^[5] It houses the Kerala Sangeetha Nadaka Academy, Kerala Lalita Kala Akademi and Kerala Sahitya Academy.^[6]Thrissur Pooram festival, the most colourful and spectacular temple festival in Kerala.^[7]^[8] The festival is held at the Thekkinkadu Maidan in April or May.^[5] Thrissur has a large number of well-known temples including the Thiruvambadi Sri Krishna Temple, Vadakkumnathan temple and Paramekkavu temple, as well as two famous churches, the Our Lady of Lourdes Metropolitan Cathedral and the Basilica of Our Lady of Dolours.^[9] Thrissur is also the venue of Pulikali during Onam celebrations in August or September. The city hosts the

The city derives its historical importance from when Christianity, Islam and Judaism entered in to the Indian subcontinent. Thomas the Apostle set foot here 2,000 years ago. (AD 51-52)^[10]^[11] The country’s first mosque, Cheraman Juma Masjid, opened in AD 629.^[12]^[13]^[13]^[14]^[15]^[16] It has opened the gates for Arabs, Romans, Portuguese, Dutch and English.

The city is an incubator for every Malayali entrepreneur,^[17] and is a major financial and commercial hub of Kerala.^[18] It flexes its economic muscle in India scheduled banks, South Indian Bank Ltd, Catholic Syrian Bank and Dhanalakshmi Bank Ltd and a clutch of Chit funds.^[19]Kerala for silks and gold jewellery. Thrissur ranks first in the number of domestic tourists in Kerala.^[20] as the headquarters of three major The city is also a big centre for shopping in

Apart from being the cultural nerve centre of Kerala, it is also a major academic hub and is home to several educational institutions including the Kerala Kalamandalam, Kerala Police Academy, Kerala Agricultural University, Kerala University of Medical and Allied Sciences and Kerala Institute of Local Administration (KILA)

Fore more information about thrissur district click here;

Also need to read in our regional language about in thrissur district; click here

February 24, 2011

Ayurveda

Holy Basil, aestheticaly built-in Ayurveda treatment centre, reveals the responsive and caring imperial and genuine healing magic in ' The River Retreat ' style under the medical supervision of God-gifted ayurvedic legend Thaikot Moosad and Dr. Nambi.

Ayurveda, the science of life and longivity epitomizes the harmonic blending of the body, mind and spirit of the individual with the cosmos. According to yhe hindu mythology, Brahma, the cosmic creator composed ayurvedda in a hundred thousand verses and presented it to humanity.

This ancient therapy, which is as old as the civilization that treasured it and which it nurtured, continues to flourish in the land south of the Himalayas. In a region rich in biodiversity, the herbal therapy has stood the test of time and proven itself nature's panacea for all ailments of body and mind.for more details click here

February 16, 2011

ATHIRAPPALLY WATERFALLS

Athirapally is the land of rivers and forests and great waterfalls! The destination houses the largest waterfall in Kerala, the Athirapally waterfall, a major tourist attraction. This patch in Sholayar ranges so beautifully intertwined with lush green forest cover and sizzling silver cascades and located central to Cochin and River Nila(Bharathapuzha),is a treat for the eyes. Swollen Chalakkudy river, Charpa, Vazhachal and Athirapally are ideal place for a romantic honeymoon. for more details click here

January 06, 2011

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December 29, 2010

Kerala tour packages

Kerala tour packages | Kerala Honeymoon Packages | Kerala tour | Kerala Packages: "- Sent using Google Toolbar"

December 20, 2010

Director General Message (Kerala Police)

Kerala Police is one of the finest police forces in the country. It is a matter of great honour that I have been entrusted with the responsibility of leading this force. I can do this well, only with the co-operation of each and every one of my colleagues in Kerala Police.

We all stand committed in ensuring the safety of our citizens and of our institutions. This is a challenging task in the present security environment. Let us become more professional, more skilled and more dedicated in the task of defending the freedom of citizens we serve and the integrity of the country we love.

Seeking the co-operation of each and everyone among you in ensuring good quality police services to the people of Kerala, enforcing the law and upholding human rights with pride in our profession and loyalty to our nation.

FOR MORE INFORMATION CLICK HERE, Or HERE

FOREIGNERS GUIDE !

FOREIGNER'S REGISTRATION OFFICER (FRO)

The Commissioner of Kochi City Police is the Foreigner's Registration Officer.
Telephone Number of FRO : 91-484-394651, FAX : 91-484-394469

RULES AND REGULATIONS APPLICABLE TO FOREIGNER'S WHO WISH TO STAY IN INDIA AS A TOURIST

Tourist means a foreigner having no residence or occupation in India and whose stay in India does not ordinarily exceed 6 months (180 days). He is visiting India only for recreation and sight seeing.

Every tourist who enters India must hold a tourist visa issued by the Indian missions abroad. The Indian missions abroad will issue visas for the tourist for 3 months, 6 months, 1 year and 5 years. But 5 years tourist visa will be issued only to the citizens of the country in which the Indian mission is located.

I. VALIDITY OF THE TOURIST VISA

The validity of the tourist visa comes into effect from the date of issue. But the validity of the three months tourist visa will come into effect from the date of first entry. for more information CLICK HERE

December 15, 2010

Thrissur Pooram & Religious Destn in Thrissur !

Thrissur Pooram:- The Thrissur Pooram festival in the Vadakkumnathan Temple is celebrated annually in April-May It is a festival in which Gods...

Guruvayur TEmple Festival:- The important religious festivals here are the Ashtami Rohini (Aug-Sept), The Sukla Paksha Ekadasi (Nov-Dec), the Vishu...Kodungallur Bharani :- The famous BHARANI UTSAVAM is conducted in Meenam (March-April) for eight days. Another important Festival of.. Arattupuzha Pooram:- The Festival is held in April-May every year. It is one of the most colourful carnivals of Kerala drawing thousands of... Machattu Mamangam :- Situated near Wadakkanchery the place called Machadu, Thiruvanikavu Temple also known as Machattu Vela ... Feast Of Palayur Church :- The Catholic Syrian Church of Palayur is one of the seven churches founded by St.Thomas. The feast falls o...

FOR MORE INFORMATION ABOVE SAID FESTIVALS CLICK HERE

September 02, 2010

THRISSUR DISTRICT (BLOGGER OWN DT.)

THRISSUR DISTRICT AT A GLANCE ! (BLOGGER OWN DISITRICT)

Kerala Symbols

State bird:- Great Indian hornbill
State Flower:- Golden shower
State tree:- Cocunut tree
State animal:- Elephant

The term Thrissur is the abbreviated anglicised from of the Malayalam word "Thrissivaperur" which means the town of the 'Sacred Siva'. The town is built on an elevated ground, at the apex of which is the famous 'Vadakkumnathan Temple'. A place of great antiquity, Thrissur was also known as 'Vrishabhadripuram' and 'Ten Kailasam' in ancient days.

A BRIEF HISTORY

From ancient times, Thrissur district has played a significant part in the political history of south
India. The early political history of the district is interlinked with that of the Cheras of the Sangam age, who ruled over vast portions of Kerala with their capital at Vanchi. The whole of the present Thrissur district was included in the early Chera empire.

The district can claim to have played a significant part in fostering the trade relations between Kerala and the outside world in the ancient and medieval period. It can also claim to have played an important part in fostering cultural relations and in laying the foundation of a cosmopolitan and composite culture in this part of the country. Kodungalloor which had the unique distinction of being the 'Premium Emporium India', also belongs to the signal honour or having first given shelter to all the three communities which have contributed to the prosperity of Malabar'. These three communities are the Christians, the Jews and the Muslims.

The history of Thrissur district from the 9th to the 12th centuries is the history of Kulasekharas of Mahodayapuram and the history since 12th century is the history of the rise and growth of Perumpadappu Swarupam. In the course of its long and chequered history, the Perumpadappu Swarupam had its capital at different places.

According to the literary works of the period, the Perumpadappu Swarupam had its headquarters at Mahodayapuyram and had a number of Naduvazhies in southern Kerala. Central Kerala recognised the supremacy of the Perumpadappu Moopil and he is even referred to as the 'Kerala Chakravarthi' in the 'Sivavilasam' and some other works.

One of the landmarks in the history of the Perumpadappu Swarupam is the foundation of a new era called Pudu Vaipu era. The Pudu Vaipu era is traditionally believed to have commenced from the date on which the island of Vypeen was thrown from the sea.

The 14th and 15th centuries constituted a period of aggressive wars in the course of which the Zamorins of Calicut acquired a large part of the present Thrissur district. In the subsequent centuries the Portuguese dominated the scene. By the beginning of the 17th century the Portuguese power in Kerala was on the verge of collapse.

About this time other European powers like the Dutch and the English appeared on the scene and challenged the Portuguese. Internal dissension in the Perumpadappu Swarupam helped the Dutch in getting a footing on the Kerala coast. As the Kerala chiefs were conscious of the impending doom of the Portuguese, they looked upon the Dutch as the rising power and extended a hearty welcome to them.

The decadence and consequential want of solidarity opened the flood gates of aggression. Hyder Ali and Tippu Sultan figured very prominently during the period. In 1790 Raja Rama Varma (1790-1805) popularly known as Sakthan Thampuran ascended the throne of Cochin. With the accession of this ruler the modern period in the history of Cochin and of the district begin. Sakthan Thampuran was the most powerful maharaja as the very name indicate. He is the architect of Thrissur town. Sakthan Thampuran ascended the throne just before the conclusion of a treaty with the English East Company. According to that treaty, Cochin threw off all allegiance to Tippu and became a tributary to the Company. The wave of nationalism and political consciousness which swept through the country since the early decades of this century had its repercussion in the district as well.
Even as early as 1919 a committee of the Indian National Congress was functioning in Thrissur. In the Civil Disobedience Movement of 1921, several persons in Thrissur town and other places in the district took active part and courted arrest. Thrissur district can claim the honour of having been in the forefront of the countrywide movement for temple entry and abolition of untouchability. The famous Guruvayur Satyagraha is a memorable episode in the history of the National Movement.
The Government of Cochin under the guidance of Sri. R. K. Shanmughom Chetti followed a policy of conciliation. By decree the public demand for the introduction of responsible Government in the State grew strong. In August 1938 Cochin announced a scheme for reforming the State legislature and introducing a system as per the Government of India Act of 1919 in the British Indian provinces. The administration of certain departments was entrusted to an elected member of the legislature to be nominated by the Maharaja. In the elections to the reformed legislature two political parties, viz. the Cochin State Congress and the Cochin Congress won 12 and 13 seats respectively. With the help of a few independents Ambat Sivarama Menon who was the leader of the Cochin Congress Party took up office as Minister under the scheme in June 1938. On his death in August 1938
Dr. A.R. Menon was appointed as Minister. When the State Legislature passed a vote of non-confidence against him, Dr. Menon resigned office on February 25,1942 and was succeeded by Sri T.K. Nair who continued in office till July 11,1945.

The introduction of dyarchy did not satisfy the political aspirations of the people of Cochin. The idea of full responsible Government on the basis of adult franchise had caught their imagination. On January 26, 1941 a new political organisation called the Cochin State Praja Mandal took shape on the initiative of a few young politicians under the leadership of V.R. Krishnan Ezhuthachan.

The 'Quit India' Movement of 1942 had its echoes in the district. After the release of the leaders from jail in 1943, the Cochin State Praja Mandal pursued its organisational activities more vigorously. In the elections to the State Legislature in 1945 it won 12, of the 19 seats contested by its candidates. At the annual conference of the Praja Mandal held at Ernakulam in 1946 it was decided to start a state wide movement for the achievement of a responsible Government. The State Legislature was scheduled to meet on July 29, and it was decided that the day should be observed all over the State as 'Responsible Government Day'. In pursuance of this decision, meetings and demonstrations were held all over the State demanding the end of Dewan's rule and the transfer of full political power to the elected representatives of the people. The Maharaja of Cochin announced in August 1946 his decision to transfer all departments of the State Government except law and order and finance to the control of Ministers responsible to the State Legislature. In co-operation with other parties in the State Legislature, the Cochin State Praja Mandal decided to accept the offer. Consequently the first popular Cabinet of Cochin consisting of Panampilli Govinda Menon, C.R. Iyyunni, K. Ayyappan and T.K. Nair assumed office.

The first step towards the achievement of the goal of 'Aikyakerala' was taken with the integration of 'Travancore Cochin' States in July 1949. With the linguistic reorganisation of States in India, in November 1956 the Kerala State came into existence.

TOPOGRAPHY AND CLIMATE

Area and population: It is bounded on the north by Palakkad district, on the east by Palakkad district and Coimbatore district of Tamil Nadu, on the south by Ernakulam and Idukki districts, and on the west by the Arabian Sea. The area of the district is 3032 sq. km., while the population is 2,975,440 according to 2001 census.
Natural Divisions: Descending from the heights of the Western Ghats in the east, the land slopes towards the west forming three distinct natural divisions - the highlands, the plains and the sea board

River System: The Periyar, the Chalakudy, the Karuvannur, and the Ponnani (Bharatha Puzha) are the main river systems in the district. They take their origin from the mountains on the east, and flow westward and discharge into the Arabian Sea. There are a number of tributaries also joining these main rivers.
Climate
The district has a tropical humid climate with an oppressive hot season and plentiful and seasonal rainfall. The hot season from March to May is followed by the South West Monsoon season from June to September. The period from December to February is the North East Monsoon season, although the rain stop by the end of December and the rest of the period is generally dry.

FLORA AND FAUNA

The mountain ranges with thick evergreen forests afford ideal abode for various animals and game including diverse birds while the middle country with hills and low plateau, mostly cleared for cultivation and human habitation, still affords shelter and food for many of the smaller mammals, birds and reptiles and also many lower animals of diverse groups. The lowlands of the extreme west, bordering the coastline are dotted with backwaters and estuaries of rivers, all connected by an interesting system of canals forming a continuous waterway. Its waters abound in fish and afford feeding ground for many water birds, local and migrant, while the plains have rich fauna representing all groups. Among the mammals the Primates are represented by the langurs and monkeys. Coconut palm and paddy are mainly cultivated in the lowlands.

PEOPLE

The total population of Thrissur district according to the census of 2001 is 2,975,440 of whom 1,422,047 are men and 1,553,393 are women. Hindus constitute the bulk of the population of this district. Other communities are Christians and Muslims. The Konkani Brahmins are another immigrant caste and they are found mainly in Cranganore and Mukundapuram taluks.

The Nairs who till recently followed the Marumakkathayam family system constitute the most important section among the Hindus of Thrissur. Now a vast majority of them have taken to agriculture while others have been absorbed in Government service and other professions. Till a few decades ago, the Nairs were divided into several sub-castes and inter-dining and inter-marriages were not permitted among them. The Nairs attached to Namboodiri and Kshatriya houses for certain domestic and religious services were called Illathu Nairs and Swarupattil Nairs respectively. Charna Nairs, Pallichans, Vattekadans, Odathu Nairs, Auduru Nairs and Attikurussi Nairs are other Nair subdivisions. Every Nair had a title affixed to his name. Achan, Kartha, Kaimal and Mannadiar were some of the titles of nobility conferred on the Nairs by the Rajas of Cochin while Panikkar and Kurup were the titles of those who maintained Kalaries as their hereditary profession. Menon was the title conferred on the Nairs who followed a literacy career. When the country underwent tremendous changes, strict observations of caste rules fell into disuse.

The Samanthans, though very few in number in the district, are said to have sprung from the union of Kshatriya men with Nair women. They have marumakkathayis. The Ezhavas who follow Makkathayam are numerically one of the strongest communities in Thrissur. They have attained important positions as merchants, landowners and cultivators. A good number of them have also taken to learned professions. Velythedans, Velakkattalavans and Chaliyans are hereditary washermen, barbers and weavers respectively. Ezhuthachans otherwise known as Kadupottans who follow the patriarchal system of inheritance are supposed to be the descendants of Pattar Brahmins. They are hereditary village school masters. The Valans, Arayans and Mukkuvas are fishermen mostly living in the coastal areas of Thrissur district. Besides, there are a number of other castes like the Mannans, Velans, Pulluvans and Pattilans in the district.

Another section among the Hindus is the Kammalas who are divided into carpenters, masons, braziers, blacksmiths, goldsmiths etc. As their service is essential, they are till engaged in their traditional occupations. But in recent years a sizable section of them have taken to modern education and steady progress. The Devanga Chettis and Kaikolans are weaving castes found in Mukundapuram taluk. They immigrated into the district from Mysore and Coimbatore respectively. The Vaniyans Kudumis, Pandithans, Kallans, Pandarams, Ambattans, Vannans, Chakkiliyans and Kusavan are also immigrant castes. The Vaniyans wear the sacred thread and resemble Konkani Brahmins. The Pandarams are engaged in making Pappadam, the favourite crisp cake of the Malayalees. Ambattans are Tamil barbers and Vannans are Tamil washermen.

The Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes form a significant section among the Hindus of the district. The former are mainly agricultural labourers and are found in all the Taluks. The Scheduled Tribes of the district are the Kadar, the Malayar and the Mathuvans. The Kadar of the area belong to two clans, the Anamala Kadar living at Parambikulam and West Kadar living at Adirappilli. The Malayar and Kadar are nomadic people.

Christians form the second largest community in the district. It is strange that Cranganore where the Gospel of Christ is believed to have been first preached in India should have the lowest proportion of Christians among the taluks of the district. The earliest Church in the district was a Nestorian branch of the Asiatic Church presided over by Bishops usually ordained in Persia. The early Christians were known as Syrian Christians. The Syrians Catholics, Latin Catholics, Jacobites, the Reformed Syrians and Protestants are some of the main sections of the Christian Community in the district . In Thrissur and its neighbourhood there is a small community of Christians known as Chaldeans.

The Christians have a predominant place in the social and economic life of the district. Trade and agriculture are the chief occupations of the community. There have been several survivals of Hindu customs among the Christians such as caste prejudice, belief in astrology, omens, witchcraft and charms, the tying of the tali as part of the marriage ceremony and its removal on the death of the husband, the performance of Sradha or the annual ceremony for the soul of the dead etc.
Muslims form the third major community in the district. A majority of them are found in Chavakkad and Kodungalloor taluks. Most of them are Sunnis. Some of the Muslims are cultivators or traders, while the majority are boatmen, fishermen and labourers of every description.

CUSTOMS AND RITUALS

Serpent (naga) worship and ancestor worship, evidently non-Aryan practices, have been widely prevalent in the district. The temples here are centres of religious activity. The Vadakkunnathan Temple at Thrissur, Koodalmanikam temple at Irinjalakuda, the Kurumba Bhagavathi temple at Kodungalloor, the Sri Rama Temple at Triprayar, the Sri Krishna Temple at Guruvayoor are some of the reputed shrines. The prominent Gods and Goddesses worshipped are Vishnu, Siva, Bhagavathi, Siva, Bhagavathi, Subramonia and Sastha.

Fasting is a significant form of religious observance. It is observed on Shashti, Ekadasi, Pradosham, Full Moon and New Moon days. On Shashti viz. the sixth day of the fortnight, fast is observed by those who wish for issue. Ekadasi is sacred to Vishnu and Pradosham to Siva. Fast in honour of the Goddess Parvathi is observed on Full Moon days. The observance of festivals is an important aspect of religious activities. Here special mention may be made of the three major festivals of the Malayalees viz. Onam, Vishu and Tiruvathira. Among the ceremonies still current may be mentioned Namakaranam, Chorunu, Vidyarambham, Upanayanam and Sradha.
The laws of inheritance prevalent in the district have been the makkathayam (Patrilineal) and Marumakkathayam (Matrilineal system). Marumakkathayam is the dominant one which most of the people were in allegiance. The Ambalavasis, the Kshatriyas, Samantans, Velekkattavans, Veluthedans and a few other castes have followed the Marumakkathayam system in the district. Among the communities that have followed the Makkathayam system may be mentioned the Namboothiris, Ezhavas, Kammalas, Kanakkans, Cherumans, Tanda Pulayans, Vettuvas, Ezhuthachans, Kanisans, Panans, Perumannans, Mannans, Velas, Velans, Arayans, Amukuvans, Mukkuvans, Marakkans and all the hill tribes. The Christians and Muslims also have been Makkathayis.

THRISSUR POORAM

The famous Thrissur Pooram is an annual festival celebrated during April-May in the Vadakkumnathan temple here. During the festival idols of Gods and Goddesses from various temples are brought in all pomp and pagentry with the play of drums and musical instruments and pro-technics to the Thekkinkadu Maaidan. Lakhs of people attend the festival every year. An all India Exhibition is also conducted every year during the Pooram days under the combined auspices of the Thiruvampady and Paramekkavu Devaswoms at the temple premises.

AGRICULTURE

Rice , tapioca, coconut, areacanut, rubber, cashew and banana are the most important agricultural products of the district. The most important crop of the district is paddy. In certain areas three crops are raised (Viruppu, Mundakan and Punja) in a year. One of the striking features in regard to agricultural operations in the district is the cultivation. Extensive low-level lakes in Thrissur and Mukundpuram taluks are artificially reclaimed and bunded. Tapioca is the food of the poor and the middle class. The reason for the large scale consumption of tapioca is attribute to its high calorific value. Coconut is one of the important garden crops of the district. Among condiments and spices the arecanut tree stands first. Poor farmers with small holdings are the cultivators of the crop.
Fruits and Vegetables
Thrissur is a land of fruits. Perhaps no other district in the State grows a greater variety of fruits or has better facilities for horticulture. Plantain, jack fruits, mangoes, bread fruits, pineapples, etc., are grown in abundance in most parts of the district. Jack and mango trees are extensively grown in the gardens attached to houses. Cashewnut is cultivated in almost all parts of the district. The cultivation of rubber is popular.
Animal Husbandry
The district affords the best example to the fact that a damp climate is not conductive to the growth of cattle. The indigenous breed of cattle is weak and stunted in growth.

CULTURAL TRADITION

The cultural tradition of the district goes back to very early days. There were great centers of learning and culture in the district in the ancient and early medieval periods. In the early centuries of the Christian era, Mathilakam was a great centre of learning and culture. Buddhist and Jai scholars of repute are said to have lived here and engaged themselves and teaching. At a later district in the ancient and early medieval periods. In the early days. There were great centres of learning and culture in the stage, under the Kullasekhara of the second Chera Empire, Mahodayapuram became famous as a great seat of learning and culture. The greatest literacy figure in the district was Mahakavi Vallathol Narayana Menon. Though born in the Malabar region of Kerala. Vallathol made Cheruthuruthy his headquarters. He was not only a great poet but also a distinguished patron of the arts of Kerala, particularly Kathakali. He founded the Kerala Kalamandalam of Cheruthuruthy to disseminate the art and culture of Kerala.

LITERARY AND CULTURAL SOCIETIES

Kerala Sahitya Academy: The Kerala Sahitya Academy was established on August 15, 1956.It aims at the development of Malayalam Language and Literature and works in co-operation with the Kerala Sahitya Academy in New Delhi. There is a good library attached to the Academy consisting of two sections - the General Section and the Research section.
Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Academy: It is also located in Thrissur town and was established on April 12, 1938. Its aim is to foster and develop Kerala Dance, Drama and Music and to promote through them the cultural unity of Kerala It works in close collaboration with the Kendra Sangeetha Nataka Academy in New Delhi for the enrichment of Indian culture. A regional theatre is constructed in Thrissur with all modern facilities.
Kerala Lalithakala Academy: This was established in 1962. The aim of the Academy is to promote the culture, painting, plastic and visual arts.
School of Drama: This was established at Aranattukara in the year 1977. The institution conducts a three year course in Bachelor of Theatre Arts, Direction, Acting, Children's Theatre etc., are the subjects which are being taught here.
Institute of Fine Arts: This is located in Thrissur town and imparts training in Arts, printing, Sculpture, Engraving etc. Formerly this institution was known as Government Occupational Institute.
Kerala Kalamandalam: Kerala Kalamandalam at Cheruthuruthy was founded in 1930 by Mahakavi Vallathol. Its main objective is to revive, preserve and develop the ancient and traditional art form of Kerala particularly the Kathakali.

FISHERIES

Thrissur district has a long tradition in the field of fishing industry. If offers natural facilities for marine and inland fisheries. Its coast line is about 54 km. in length from Azhikode to Puthenkadappuram. Fishing is the main occupation of a large number of people. The main fishing castes are Valan, Aryan, Mukkuvan and Marakkan. Thrissur is one of the biggest fish market of Kerala. Fish in an important item in the diet of about 90% of the population. Oil sardines are used as manure. About 95% of the total catch is marketed within the district. The fishing industry thus makes a sizable contribution to the wealth of the district, and is the main source of income of a large section of the people inhabiting the coastal area. There are seven major fishing centres in the district viz., Azhikode, Nattika, Vadanappilli, Kadappuram, Blangad, Puthenkadappuram and Chettuva. The district have 18 coastal fisheries villages and three inland fisheries villages. There is a Shrimp hatchery at Azhikode.

FORESTS

A total area under forests in the district is 1006.72 sq. km. The forests of the district are mainly seen in the eastern portion of Talappilli, Thrissur and Mukundapuram taluks. They extend from the Shoroor river (Bharathapuzha) in the north to the Chalakudy river in the south. The Initial works of a wild life sanctuary has been started at Echhippara in the reservoir area of Chimmani dam. A tree park with facilities to conduct studies on trees and forest for public functioning at Kuthiran under social forestry is a unique instance in the state. This institution is the second one in the country.

Forest produce: The chief forest produce is timber. The principal local markets for timber are Cochin, Ernakulam and Thrissur. A large quantity of timber is transported to Coimbatore and Pollachi. High girth rosewood is exported to foreign countries. Other hard wood species which command a steady market are Irul, Pullamaruthu, Koramaruthu, Venga, Venteak, Pongu, Agil etc. Minor forest products are also abundant in the district. Mattaipal Karuvelampatta, Marotti, Poovam, Zamalporia, Kanjiram, Elavarngam are some of them. Kerala Forest Research Institute (KFRI) at Peechi is an institution which conducts ecological and Forests Development Research studies. The Institute has a very good nursery of medical plants.

INDUSTRIES

Power loom Industry: There are six power loom factories in Co-operative sector in the district. They are at Kodungallur, Aviniseri, Adat, Machad, Nadathara and Manaloor. In addition to this, there is an institutional Power loom complex at Keecheri.
Textile Industry: There are six textile mills in the district. They are Alagappa Textiles at Alagappanagr, Kerala Lakshmi Mills at Pullazhi, Thrissur Cotton Mills at Nattika, Rajgopal Textiles at Athani, Sitaram Spinning and Weaving Mills, Thrissur and Vanaja Textiles at Kurichikkara. The mills namely the Cochin Hosieries Kuriachira, Thrissur and the Kunnath Textiles, Thrissur are engaged in the manufacture of hosiery products. The Madura Coasts at Koratty produce cotton sewing threads. The thread produced here is sold throughout the country. Sitaram Spinning and Weaving Mills the earliest textile mill in the district (1909) caught fire in December 1959. The mill started functioning later.

Tile Industry: The tile industry is the most important industry in the district employing the largest number of labourers. From a humble beginning early in this century, the industry had grown considerably in recent years. At present there are 160 tile factories in the district. Suitable clay required for the manufacture of tiles and bricks is found in Ollur, Pudukkad, Kaluvannor and Amballur which are the main centres of this industry.

Timber Industry: The timber industry of the district is of considerable importance. It had its beginnings in the first decade of this century when the first saw mill in the State was erected at Thrissur (1905) to convert teak and superior hard wood logs into slabs and other sizes. Most Chalakudy, which are the most important timber marts in the district. In Chalakudy, Ollur and Thrissur, there are many saw mills with up-to-date plant and machinery.

Soap Manufacture: Soap manufacture is one of the flourishing industries of the district. It is mainly located in Irinjalakuda and Thrissur town.

Canning Industry: This is an industry that has recently sprung up and has immense prospects for development. The first unit of the Canning industries (Cochin) was started in Thrissur in 1947. The other two units are Darlco Cannings and Kayee Plantation Cannings, both situated at Thrissur r. Pineapple slices, Pineapple juice, tit bits, jams, squashes, syrups, jellies and marmalades are some of the products of these units. A canning industrial unit is being established at Nadathara by the Thrissur Fruits and Vegetables Marketing Society and it is going on very successfully.

Diary Unit: There is a diary unit at Ramavarmapuram in the public sector.
Chemicals: There are five units engaged in the manufacturers of chemicals Pharmaceutical products like elixirs, syrups, vitamin tablets, transfusion bottles, etc. In addition, some of the units manufacture commercial products like ink, paints, and varnish.

Oil Mills: Oil Mills are found in all parts of the district. Coconut oil is the most important product of these Mills. For a long time, the extraction of oil from copra was a cottage industry. Oil is also extracted from lemon-grass, gingelly castor-seed, groundnut etc.

Printing: The printing industry is fairly well developed in the district. Modern methods and techniques in printing are available in the district.
Match Industry: Soft wood required in the manufacture of match sticks is obtained from the local forests. Veneers and splints are also made in the match factories
Cottage Industry: Handloom weaving is a premier cottage industry of the district. It was practiced mainly by hereditary weaving communities like the Challias, Chettiars, Mudalis and Mudaliars. Poomangalam and Aripalam in Mukundapuram taluk and Kuttamippli and Thiruvilwamal in Talappilli Taluk are well known weaving centres of the district.

Coir Industry: Coir manufacturing is one of the important cottage industries of the district. The kind of yarn produced in the district is known are Chittattukara, Kottapuram and Kodungallor. Superior varieties of the quality of yarn known as 'Parur Special' are also produced in these areas. Another variety of yarn manufactured in the district is the rope yarn and the main centres of production are Kandassankadavu and Manalur.

Curing of Arecanuts: Arecanuts have to be cured for the market. Arecanut preparation is a seasonal industry of some importance. In the taluks of Talappilli, Thrissur and Mukundapuram hundreds of men and women are engaged in this occupation form September to January.

Cashew Industry: Thrissur district was the largest producer of cashew nuts next only to Kollam district in the State.
Grass mat and basket manufacture: The industry is an ancient one and products of this industry are widely used in Kerala. Very beautiful mats, either plain of with excellent designs are made.

Beedi Making Units: There are three Beedi making units at Ancheri, Chavakkad and Vadanappilly which are run by primary Beedi Co-operative societies under central Kairali Beedi co-operatives of which the headquarters at Shornoor.
Leather Industry: The manufacture of chappals, shoes suit cases and hand bags out of leather is an important industry of the district. Tanned leather is mostly procured from outside the district. Work in leather is the hereditary occupation of the "Chakkilins" or "Tholkollans", who are scattered in all parts of the district. Thrissur is one of the most important centres of production of leather articles. The Foot Wear Service Centre at West Fort under the Ministry of Industries, Govt. of India imparts training in Shoemaking.
Engineering Workshops and Foundaries: Small smiths mending agricultural implements are found in rural areas. Repair shops have sprung up in towns. There are some umbrella manufacturing factories also in the district.

INDUSTRIAL ARTS (HANDICRAFTS)

Bell-metal Industry: Thrissur district is the largest producer of bell-metal articles in the State. The industry is monopolised by two castes - Moosaries and Kammalas. The main centres of production are Kadavallur, Kunnamkulam, Thrissur and Irinjalakuda. "Deepastambhams" and a few other articles are highly appreciated and there is a great demand for them in North India. A Bell Metal Workers Cooperative Society is successfully conducting large scale production of Bell Metal articles at Nadavaramba Polishing of Imitation Stones: Thrissur, Ollur and Pudukkad are the chief centres of the industry. After being polished and processed the stones are exported to foreign countries. Now the imitation diamond manufacturing workers have been brought under a Central Cooperative Society called Diamond India, Thrissur
Wood Carving: Wood carving is an important handicraft of the district. Almost the entire carving is done by carpenters hailing from Viswakarma community. The wood carvers of Cherpu seven miles from Thrissur, are well known. The figure of elephants made in this place have a wide reputation. Carvings out of buffalo horn are also made here. The carving of Kathakali dance dolls is also a special feature of this district. With the increasing appreciation of the art of this district. With the increasing appreciation of the art of Kathakali, the demand for these carvings has also been increasing. Another important handi-craft is "Alavattam" (peak-cock feather fan) made at Kanimangalam in Thrissur.

PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE

Two of the Ashta Vaidyas in the field of Ayurveda viz; Kuttenchery Manu Moose and Thalikkattu Moose belong to Thrissur district. The western system of medicine was introduced here in the early part of the 19th century. There are 122 Allopathy hospitals and 14 Ayurveda hospitals and a homeopathy hospital in the district. Ayurvedic and Homoeo systems of treatments are very popular in the district. Nature cure methods attract a large section of the people to Thrissur district. Prakruthi Chikkilsa Sahakaraana Sanitorium has been established to propagate Nature Cure among public. An Auyrveda Regional Research Institute under Government of India is functioning at Cheruthuruthy.

COMMUNICATIONS

The district is covered by a net work of main roads and village roads. National Highway No. 17 - the highway runs from Puduponnal to Kottayam in the district. National Highway No. 47 in Thrissur district consists of the following two roads.
1. Thrissur-Waniampara road. This road starts from Thrissur town and runs eastward to the district limit at Vaniampara and enters Palakkad district via Alathur.
2. Thrissur-Chalakudy Road. It starts from Thrissur town and goes southward to the district limit at Anjal and entres Ernakulam district via Angamali enroute to Thiruvananthapuram.
Railways: The district is well served by railways. The broad gauge running north to south enters the district near Vallathol Nagar Station and crosses the district for about 69 kms. touching Vettikkattiri, Mullurkkanchery, Mulankunnathukavu, Poonkunnam, Thrissur, Ollur, Pudukkad, Nellai, Irinjalakuda, Chalakudy, Koratty, Angamaly and Karukutty.
Waterway: Before the construction of roads in the latter half of the 19th century inland traffic in the district was through backwaters and rivers. The main canals of the district are: (1) Ponnani Canal in Chavakkad taluk, (2) Canoli Canal in Mukundapuram taluk, and (3) Shanmugham Canal in Mukundapuram taluk, and (4) Puthenthode in Thrissur taluk. These canals from the main arteries of water communications.

District Thrissur
Area 3032
Population 2,975,440
Males 1,422,047
Females 1,553,393
Sex ratio : Females/1000 1092
Density of Population 981
Per Capita Income (in Rs) 21362
Literacy rate 92.56%; Male 95.47%; Female 89.94%
Coastal line in km. 54
Water bodied area in ha. 5,573
Forest area in ha. 103619
Assembly Constituencies 1. Olloor
2. Guruvayoor
3. Chalakkudi
4. Cherppe
5. Nattika
6. Kunnamkulam
7. Iringalakkuda
8. Vadakkancheri
9. Manaloor
10. Kodungalloor
11. Chelakkara
12. Kodakara
13. Mala
14. Thrissur
RELIGION DATA 2001 CENSUS
Religion Persons Presentage
Hindus 1761842 59.2369
Muslims 488697 16.4310
Christians 720152 24.2130
Buddhists 163 0.0055
Jains 86 0.0029
Sikhs 130 0.0044
Others 247 0.0083
Religion not stated 2915 0.0980

Taluks Head Quarters No. of Villages
Thrissur Thrissur 38
Mukundapuram Iringalakkuda 37
Chavakkad Chavakkad 17
Kodungallor Kodungallor 12
Thalappilli Vadakkancheri 34

WEATHER
Monthly rainfall (m.m)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Rainfall 0.0 15.8 2.2 65.8 98.2 589.5 333.6 565.7 131.9 203.2 41.3 25.6

Live stock Population (1996 Census)
Cattle Buffaloes Goats Sheep Pigs
253092 19618 160927 156 6058

Major Agricultural Products
Products Area under cultivation (ha.) Production in tonne
Rice 40977 82991
Pepper 4389 1118
Nutmeg 1414 327
Cashewnut 4368 3017
Tapioca 2113 50870
Coconut 76656 491 million
Arecanut 5377 6472
Tea 529 1648
Rubber 13105 18361
(Source : Farm Guide 2000)

Local Self Government
District Panchayats 1
Block Panchayats 9
Grama Panchayats 79

Educational Institutions
Schools
Schools Govt. Private Aided Private Unaided Total
L P School 121 390 11 522
U P School 54 165 7 226
High School 78 148 19 245
Higher Secondary Schools 42 42 1 85
Vocational H.S.S. 26 10 - 36

Arts and Science Colleges
Government Private Unaided
3 17

Professional Colleges
Type of Institutions Number
Medical College 1
Engineering College 1
Ayurveda College 1
Agricultural College 1
Forestry College 1
Veterinary College 1
Horticulture College 1
College of Banking & Cooperation 1
Law College 1
Poly Technics 7
I.T.I. 2
I.T.C. 19
T.T.I. 8
Training College 1

Health (Hospitals)
Allopathy Ayurveda Homeopathy
Hospitals 122 14 1
Beds 4264 253 25

Industries and Infrastructure
No. of registered working factories 2566 No.of SSI Units 2066

Roads (Distribution of P W D Roads (in kms) as on 01.04.2000
State Highways Major Districts Roads Other Districts Roads Village Roads Total
322.391 1088.000 161.000 15.000 1586.391

Vehicles registered and its classification

Goods Vehicles Buses Cars Taxis Jeeps Auto Rickshaw Two Wheelers Others Total
18045 11301 21088 8981 4234 22946 110088 3859 200542

Communication:

No. of Post Offices No. of Telephone Exchanges
490 67

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